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DAF Coagulation & Flocculation Faults

No amount of air can float solids that were never coagulated into liftable flocs. This guide diagnoses chemical-pretreatment failures upstream of the flotation cell and how to restore strong, bubble-friendly flocs.

Symptoms You’ll See

Recognise the problem fast, then work through the causes and solutions below.

Dispersed pin-floc Hazy clarified water Bubbles rising without solids Erratic dose response Floc shearing before the cell

Coagulant dose wrong

What you see: Under-dosing leaves colloids uncharged; over-dosing re-stabilises and disperses them again.

Likely Causes & Solutions

  • Dose not matched to raw water: Run jar tests across the expected quality range and set dose-pacing on flow and turbidity.
  • Raw-water quality shifted: Add online turbidity or streaming-current control to track changing demand.
  • Charge re-stabilisation from overdose: Back the dose off to the jar-test optimum; confirm with a charge titration.

pH outside the coagulant window

What you see: Floc is weak and slow even at the right dose because metal hydrolysis is suppressed.

Likely Causes & Solutions

  • pH too high or low for the coagulant: Trim pH (alum ~6.0–7.5, ferric ~5–8) with acid or alkali ahead of rapid mix.
  • Alkalinity too low for coagulation: Add alkalinity (lime / caustic) so metal-hydroxide flocs can form.
  • No pH trim on variable feed: Install pH monitoring and automatic correction before the coagulant point.

Mixing energy wrong

What you see: Either flocs never form (too little rapid mix) or they shear apart (too much, or too late).

Likely Causes & Solutions

  • Insufficient rapid-mix energy: Raise rapid-mix G so coagulant disperses in seconds, not minutes.
  • Over-mixing in flocculation: Lower paddle speed and use tapered flocculation to grow floc without shearing it.
  • High shear between floc tank and DAF: Shorten and streamline the transfer; dose polymer close to the contact zone.

Polymer selection or addition fault

What you see: Flocs are too small or too fragile to survive the bubble field.

Likely Causes & Solutions

  • Wrong polymer charge / MW: Screen anionic vs cationic and molecular weight in jar tests for the solids type.
  • Polymer overdosed or under-aged: Dose to the jar-test optimum; ensure adequate make-down and ageing time.
  • Injection point too turbulent: Move polymer injection to a low-shear point with gentle in-line blending.

Chemistry checklist

CheckTarget / ActionTypical value
Coagulant doseJar-test optimumSite-specific
pHTrim to coagulant windowAlum 6.0–7.5 / Ferric 5–8
Rapid-mix GFast dispersion>300 s⁻¹ for seconds
Flocculation GtGrow strong floc20,000–60,000
PolymerScreen type & dose0.2–1.0 mg/L

How DAF Solves It Effectively

Set up correctly, dissolved air flotation turns this failure mode into a controllable, high-performance process.

Chemistry-led flotation

DAF rewards good coagulation with fast, complete separation — the bubble step turns well-formed flocs into a dry, removable float.

Validated by jar & pilot testing

Bench jar tests and on-site pilot DAF units lock in dose and polymer before full-scale commitment, de-risking the chemistry.

Wide operating window

With dose-pacing on flow and turbidity, a DAF copes with swinging raw-water quality that would overwhelm a fixed-rate clarifier.

Lower chemical use overall

Because DAF needs only liftable (not heavy, fast-settling) flocs, coagulant and polymer demand is often lower than for sedimentation.

0.2–1.0 mg/LTypical polymer dose
6–8Working pH band
>300 s⁻¹Rapid-mix G
20–60kFlocculation Gt

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